*Affirmative
Agreement
When indicating
that one person pr thing does something and then adding
that another does the same. Use the word so or too. To avoid needless repetition of words
from the affirmative
statement, use the conjunction and followed by a simple
statement using so or too. The order of this statement will
depend on whether so or too is used.
1.When a form of the verb be is used in the main
clause, the same tense of the verb be is used in the simple statement that
follows.
affirmative statement (be) + and +
subject + verb (be) + too so + verb (be) + subject
e.g. I am happy.
You are happy
- I am happy and you are too
- I am happy and so are you
2. When a
compound verb (auxiliary + verb), for example, will go, should do,
has done, have written, must examine, etc. occurs in the main clause, the
auxiliary of the main verb is used in the simple statement, and the subject and
verb must agree.
Affirmative
statement + and + subject + auxiliary only + too
so + auxiliary only + subject
e.g. They
will work in the lab tomorrow. You will work in the
lab tomorrow.
- They will work in the lab tomorrow and you
will too
- They will work in the lab tomorrow and so
will you
3. When any
verb except be appears without any auxiliaries in the main clause, the
auxiliary do, does, or did is used in simple statement. The subject and
verb must agree and the tense must be the same.
Affirmative
statement + and + subject + do, does, or did + too
(single
verb except be) so + do, does, or did + subject
e.g. Jane
goes to that school. My sister goes to school
- Jane goes to school and my sister does too
- Jane goes to school and so does my sister
*Negative
Agreement
Either and Neither function in
simple statements much like
so and too
in affirmative sentences. However, either and
neither are used to indicate negative
agreement. The same
rules for
auxiliaries, be and do, does, or did apply. Negative
statement + and + subject + negative auxiliary or be + either neither + positive auxiliary + subject
e.g. I didn’t
see Mary this morning. John didn’t see Mary
this morning.
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and John
didn’t either
- I didn’t see Mary this morning and neither
did John
She hasn’t seen the movie yet. I haven’t
seen the
movie yet.
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and I
haven’t either
- she hasn’t seen the movie yet and neither
have I
Exercise
Fill the
blanks with the correct form of too, so, either and neither
1. They
will leave at noon, and I will _____
2. He has
an early appointment, and _____ have I
3. The
children shouldn’t take that medicine , and ______ should she
4. Rose
likes to fly, and her brother does _____
5. We don’t
plan to attend the concert, and ______ do they
6. I don’t
like tennis, and he doesn’t ______
7. She has
already written her composition, and _____ has her
8. She
didn’t see anyone she knew, and _____ did Tim
9. We can’t
study in the library, and they can’t _____
10. I have
worked there long, and _____ have you
Exercise
Supply the
correct form of the missing verb.
1. Their
plane is arriving at nine o’clock, and so _____ mine
2. You
didn’t pay the rent, and she ____ either
3. Your
class hasn’t begun yet, and neither ____ mine
4. Our
Spanish teacher loves to travel, and we _____ too
5. He
hasn’t lived in Mexico for five years, and you _____ either
6. She
couldn’t attend the lecture, and neither _____ her sister
7. I’m
interested in reading that book, and so _____ she
8. Michael
doesn’t speak English, and his family ______ either
9. She know
the answer, and I _____ too
10. That
scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and neither ____ her
supervisors.
*Negation
To make a
sentence negative, add the negative particle
not after the auxiliary or verb be. If there is no
auxiliary or be, add the appropriate form of do, does, or
did and place in word not after that.
e.g. John is
rich John
is not rich Mark has
seen Bill Mark has not seen
Bill
The
following examples contain no auxiliary andthus use
do, does, or did. e.g. Marvin
likes spinach Marvin does not like
spinach They went
to classThey did not go to
class *Some/any
If there is
a noun in the complement of a negative sentence,
one should
add the particle any before the noun. Some affirmative sentences Any negative sentences and
questio e.g. John
has some money John doesn’t have any money
*Hardly,
barely, rarely, seldom, etc.
Remember
that in an English sentence it is usually incorrect to have two
negatives together. This is called a double negative
and is not acceptable in standard English. The following
words have a negative meaning and, thus, must be used
with a positive verb Hardly almost
nothing Barely mean or Scarcely almost
not at all Rarely Seldom mean almost never Hardly ever
e.g.
She
scarcely remembers the accident (she almost
doesn’t
remember the accident)
We seldom
see phone of these animals (we almost
never see
photos of these animals)
*Commands
A command
is an imperative statement. One person orders
another to
do something. It can be preceded by please.
The understood
subject is you. Use the simple form of the
verb.
Close the door leave the room
Please turn
off the light Open
your book
*Negative
commands: A negative command is formed by
adding the
word don’t before the verb.
Don’t
close the door
Please don’t
turn off the light
Indirect
commands: Usually the verbs order, ask, tell, or
say are used to indicate an indirect
command. They are
followed by
the infinitive (to + verb).
Jack asked
Jill to turn off the light
The
policeman ordered the suspect to be quite
*Negative
Indirect commands: to make an indirect
command
negative, add the particle not before the
infinitive.
Subject + verb +
complement + not + (verb in infinitive)
e.g.
The teacher
told Christopher not to open the window
Please tell
Jeime not to leave the room
reference :http://diah_aw.staff.gunadarma.ac.id/Downloads
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